Well water hardness in Caledonia County, Vermont
7 gpg hard
Private wells in Caledonia County typically give hard water: the median well sampled by the U.S. Geological Survey has 7 gpg (120 mg/L as CaCO₃).
Wells differ a lot, even next door: one in ten sampled wells had less than 52 mg/L and one in ten more than 262 mg/L. The figure comes from 12 wells and 20 samples taken between 1992 and 2017 (half of them by 1994).
Most samples are older than ten years. Groundwater hardness comes from the rock the well is drilled into and changes slowly, but your own well can be quite different, so treat this as a regional indication and test your water.
What this hardness means for a well household
- Fast scale on taps, shower screens and kettle; white spots on glassware.
- Water heater: efficiency loss and element failures within years if unprotected.
- Dry skin and dull hair after showering are common.
- Softener recommended; jug or reverse osmosis for drinking.
How to test your well in Vermont
Hardness is only one part of a well test. Federal health agencies advise every private well owner to test regularly:
- Test a private well every year for total coliform bacteria, nitrates, total dissolved solids and pH; test more often if young children, older adults or a pregnant or nursing person live in the home. (US EPA, Protect Your Home's Water)
- Test at least once a year and ask the local health department which other germs or chemicals matter where you live. (CDC, Guidelines for Testing Well Water)
- Test for bacteria every year and use the Homeowner Testing Package (bacteria, inorganic chemicals, gross alpha radiation) every five years; also test when buying or selling a property or renting one out. (Vermont Department of Health, Residential Drinking Water Testing)
Use a certified laboratory: Vermont Department of Health, Drinking Water Testing (state lab and list of certified labs).
Testing is your own responsibility: no state agency samples existing private wells routinely.
What a test costs (Vermont Department of Health Laboratory)
| Bacteria (Kit A) | $14 |
| Inorganic chemicals (Kit C) | $100 |
| Gross alpha radiation (Kit RA) | $45 |
Prices as printed by the lab (2026-10-29); check the current fee before you send a sample. Vermont Department of Health Laboratory
If no local lab suits you, mail-in kits from certified labs test a wider panel at home; they cost more than a state or county lab.
Treating hard well water
Most households with hard well water install an ion-exchange softener. Test iron and manganese first: above about 0.3 mg/L iron a softener alone is not enough and an iron filter goes in front of it.
Nearby counties
FAQ
How hard is well water in Caledonia County, Vermont?
The median well sampled by the USGS in Caledonia County has 7 gpg (120 mg/L as CaCO₃), which is hard. One in ten wells had less than 52 mg/L and one in ten more than 262 mg/L.
Is my own well the same?
Not necessarily. Hardness depends on the rock layer your well draws from and on its depth, so neighbouring wells can differ by a factor of two or more. Only a test of your own water tells you.
How often should I test my well in Vermont?
Every year for coliform bacteria, nitrate, total dissolved solids and pH (EPA and CDC advice), and after floods, repairs or a change in taste or smell. Hardness, iron and manganese once, and again before you buy a softener.
Do I need a water softener for my well?
Recommended if you have a water heater, boiler or tankless unit: it saves repairs and detergent.
Where does this figure come from?
From 20 samples of 12 wells measured by the U.S. Geological Survey between 1992 and 2017, retrieved from the Water Quality Portal. We publish a county only when at least 10 wells were sampled.
Source and method
Computed by Water Hardness Atlas from USGS National Water Information System samples (characteristic "Hardness, Ca, Mg", sites of type well, samples since 1980), retrieved 2026-10-29 through the Water Quality Portal. For each well we take the median of its samples, then the median of all wells in the county; wells above 1,000 mg/L (oil, gas or mine brines) are left out. USGS data are in the U.S. public domain. Water Quality Portal query